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Showing posts with label Quran and Science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Quran and Science. Show all posts

Sunday, August 29, 2021

August 29, 2021

Creation of Human and Sky - Quran and Sicence - Islamic Concept of Creation

In the name of Allāh, the most Gracious the most merciful.
Allāh subhanahu wa ta'ala asked you questions.
"Is your creation more difficult or that of the sky? He has built it,He raised its ceiling and proportioned it.And He darkened its night and extracted its brightness." (Chapter 79: verse 27-29)

Which one is bigger , more difficult creation ? The tangled web of 200 billion galaxies or human beings?For logical reasoning, let's consider some points. What does the sky contains; trillions of stars, sun, planets, galaxies,milky ways, Andromeda?
Let us be more specific. Sky holds one of the supercluster of galaxies called The Local Supercluster, Local SCl, or Laniakea Supercluster, is the galaxy supercluster that is home to the Milky Way and approximately 100,000 other nearby galaxies. Wikipedia

There are tangled web of galaxies. There are tangled web of of capillaries(smallest branch of blood vessels). The number of human being alive today is approximately 7 billion and the number of galaxies according to space researchers are 200 billion. 

We do not see any loophole in the perfect coordination of the universe. Neither do we find reformation needed inside estranged nervous system and blood vessels of human beings. Everything of the nature is finely balanced.

We will examine the tangled web of galaxies in the universe in the video attached in this article , by the will of Allāh subhanahu wa ta'ala.

Let us know about our galaxy , the milky way. 

The Milky Way Galaxy

Quran and Science - Creation of Human and Sky
Our Sun (a star) and all the planets around it are part of a galaxy known as the Milky Way Galaxy. A galaxy is a large group of stars, gas, and dust bound together by gravity. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The Milky Way is a large barred spiral galaxy. All the stars we see in the night sky are in our own Milky Way Galaxy. Our galaxy is called the Milky Way because it appears as a milky band of light in the sky when you see it in a really dark area.

It is very difficult to count the number of stars in the Milky Way from our position inside the galaxy. Our best estimates tell us that the Milky Way is made up of approximately 100 billion stars. These stars form a large disk whose diameter is about 100,000 light years. Our Solar System is about 25,000 light years away from the center of our galaxy – we live in the suburbs of our galaxy. Just as the Earth goes around the Sun, the Sun goes around the center of the Milky Way. It takes 250 million years for our Sun and the solar system to go all the way around the center of the Milky Way.

*Read a NASA Blueshift blog post about how many stars there are in the Milky Way

We can only take pictures of the Milky Way from inside the galaxy, which means we don't have an image of the Milky Way as a whole. Why do we think it is a barred spiral galaxy, then? There are several clues.

The first clue to the shape of the Milky Way comes from the bright band of stars that stretches across the sky (and, as mentioned above, is how the Milky Way got its name). This band of stars can be seen with the naked eye in places with dark night skies. That band comes from seeing the disk of stars that forms the Milky Way from inside the disk, and tells us that our galaxy is basically flat.

Several different telescopes, both on the ground and in space, have taken images of the disk of the Milky Way by taking a series of pictures in different directions – a bit like taking a panoramic picture with your camera or phone. The concentration of stars in a band adds to the evidence that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. If we lived in an elliptical galaxy, we would see the stars of our galaxy spread out all around the sky, not in a single band.

Quran and Science

Another clue comes when astronomers map young, bright stars and clouds of ionized hydrogen in the Milky Way's disk. These clouds, called HII regions, are ionized by young, hot stars and are basically free protons and electrons. These are both important marker of spiral arms in other spiral galaxies we see, so mapping them in our own galaxy can give a clue about the spiral nature of the Milky Way. There are bright enough that we can see them through the disk of our galaxy, except where the region at the center of our galaxy gets in the way.

There has been some debate over the years as to whether the Milky Way has two spiral arms or four. The latest data shows that it has four arms, as shown in the artist's illustration below.

Additional clues to the spiral nature of the Milky Way come from a variety of other properties. Astronomers measure the amount of dust in the Milky Way and the dominant colors of the light we see, and they match those we find in other typical spiral galaxies. All of this adds up to give us a picture of the Milky Way, here are billions of other galaxies in the Universe. Only three galaxies outside our own Milky Way Galaxy can be seen without a telescope, and appear as fuzzy patches in the sky with the naked eye. The closest galaxies that we can see without a telescope are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. These satellite galaxies of the Milky Way can be seen from the southern hemisphere. Even they are about 160,000 light years from us. The Andromeda Galaxy is a larger galaxy that can be seen from the northern hemisphere (with good eyesight and a very dark sky). It is about 2.5 million light years away from us, but its getting closer, and researchers predict that in about 4 billion years it will collide with the Milky Way. , i.e., it takes light 2.5 million years to reach us from one of our "nearby" galaxies. The other galaxies are even further away from us and can only be seen through telescopes.


Taken from official website of NASA

Allah said in the Qur'an  (55:33)

O company of jinn and mankind, if you are able to pass beyond the regions of the heavens and the earth, then pass. You will not pass except by authority [from Allah ].

The above article claims scientists cannot go past the milky way galaxies and there are 200 billion galaxies similar in the entire universe that we can see. This universe is refered to as the lowest heaven. 

💖Allah said in Qur'an , 

So He ordained them seven Heavens in two periods, and inspired in every Heaven its function. And We adorned the lowest Heaven with lights and security: such is the decree of the Mighty, the Knowing. (41:12)

Who created seven heavens as strata (i.e., layers, one above the other).In no way can you see in the creation of The All-Merciful any disparity; so return your gaze; (Literally: "your" beholding) do you see any rift?

Thereafter return the gaze, again and again, (Literally: recurring twice) the gaze turns over to you spurned, and it (becomes) regretfully most weary.
And indeed We have already adorned the lowest heaven with lamps/stars and made them outcast (meteorites) for Ash-Shayatin (The ever-vicious "ones", i.e., the devils) and We have readied for them the torment of the Blaze. 67:3-5


Put a little sarcastically , all these stars are fine tuned in the universe . The stars are not falling over us or colliding with each other and creating a chaotic situation in the sky . In the above mentioned verse of Qur'an the out cast stars are regarded as missiles/meteors which are targeted to punish Jinn. 


 An asteroid is a small rocky object that orbits the Sun. ... A meteor is what happens when a meteoroid – a small piece of an asteroid or comet – burns up upon entering Earth's atmosphere, creating a streak of light in the sky. An asteroid is a small rocky object that orbits the Sun. (Spaceplace.nasa.gov)
Asteroids may look like small stars in the sky, but they really do move around the Sun, while stars only seem to move because the Earth spins. Like planets, asteroids do not make their own light
(Wikipedia)

💖 Verily, We have decorated the nearest sky/ heaven with an adornment, the stars, 37:6


Qur'an's challenge
No one can pass beyond the lowest heaven. Again going back to ayat 55 verse 33

O company of jinn and mankind, if you are able to pass beyond the regions of the heavens and the earth, then pass. You will not pass except by authority [from Allah ]

No ordinary human or Jinn who according to Islam can fly anywhere they even cannot trespass. The reason the verse has said except by the authority of Allah is because Prophet Muhammad sallā llāhu'alaihi wa sallam was taken to Miraz , a night journey where he crossed the lowest heaven by the permission of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. 


Getting back to our point we have seen through science and its latest technological advancement that there are innumerable stars and galaxies in the universe. These are more mighty creation. And article from NASA mentions no one can go past the milky way. The following article will prove this point. Interestingly  enough the following article  mentions rotation of Earth , and Sun , and the moon but is unable to say same thing takes place in the galaxy. It proves that no cosmic traveller can have any Authority over the things in space .

 

The Universe Is Directionless, Study Finds

By Calla Cofield

First Published 3 years ago

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This map, produced using data collected by the Planck satellite, shows a map of the light left over from the big bang. If the universe were not isotropic, scientists think they would find evidence in maps like this one. (Image credit: ESA/Planck Collaboration.)The universe, it turns out, looks the same in every direction.

Of course, this isn't true on a "small scale" — the stars, galaxies, dark matter and interstellar gas that fill the universe are strewn about and clumped together in unique ways. But on a much size scale encompassing the entire universe, new research shows the cosmic landscape doesn't have any preferred direction — there's no axis of spin like the Earth, no massive asymmetries that would orient a cosmic traveler.

The new study appears to be the most in-depth attempt to answer this question, which confirms a long-held assumption in physics. In addition, it touches on the idea that Earth does not occupy a special place in the universe by showing that not only is no preferred location in the universe, there is no preferred direction.

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Baking the universe

Some things in the universe look different depending on where you're standing when you look at them, or from which direction you view them. For example, the Milky Way galaxy is a disk that rotates around a central axis like a record on a turntable. The galaxy looks different depending on where its viewed from, so observers in different places see different things.  But a galaxy is also anisotropic — that is, an observer in one location can look in different directions and will see something different. The stars  located far out in the disk move faster as they whip around the center, compared with stars close to the middle. (This is true for an observer inside the galaxy or outside it).

It's that latter kind of variation that's addressed in the new research paper. If the universe looks the same no matter what direction its viewed from, it's isotropic. If it does have a large-scale dependence on direction, it's anisotropic. (Space.com) 

And He it is Who has created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon, each in an orbit floating 21:33


The power of Allāh subhanahu wa ta'ala is beyond our imagination. No matter how hard we try we cannot fully comprehend the Might of the Creator. if we just ponder about Laniakea , the supercluster of galaxy , we cannot vission it's vastness! These are all the signs that Allāh subhanahu wa ta'ala is showing to us. These celestial creation are more complex, than the creation of human body.  The meticulously fine tuned universe with 200 billion galaxy is enough as an awakening to the realization of the existence of the Almighty Creator Allāh.  

Allah said;

(the creation of the heavens and the earth is greater than the creation of mankind) (40:57)

(Is not the One Who created the heavens and the earth, capable of creating the similar to them.Yes, indeed! He is the Supreme Creator, the All- Knowing.) (36:81)

By analysing the above mentioned facts and the divine verse of the Qur'an here any human mind with very basic common sense can comprehend the existence of an All powerful, most knowledgeable creator. 

“If there were, in the heavens and the earth, other gods besides Allah, there would have been  ruin in both! But glory to Allah, The Lord of the Throne: (High is He) above what they attribute to Him!” (Qur’ān 21:22)

Work By: Mary Fatima

Sunday, September 23, 2018

September 23, 2018

Ships and Mountains Analogy in the Quran and Science

Islam, Quran-and-Science, Religion, Quran-on-mountains-and-ships, Galileo, Tom_Garrison-and-Micheal_allaby, Oceans, Science-and-religion
Back in the 1500s, when the famous physicist and astronomer, Galileo, first championed the idea that Earth revolved around the Sun, he was called a raging lunatic and convicted of heresy by the church. He, Galileo, was then sentenced to life imprisonment and died under house arrest around 9 years later. But if a 10 years old tells his science teacher that same fact today, nobody even bats an eyelash. So what has changed?
Lots of things!
The world has evolved new technologies that help us more accurately understand astronomy. So poor old Galileo was not insane, he was simply before his time. Now scientists have more advanced tools and gadgets that can help them avoid meeting the same fate as Galileo but sometimes their claims still make us double-take when we first hear them especially if we do not have a background in science and physics.
Let's look at an example:
Two different scientists, in their published work, Tom Garrison and Micheal Allaby both compared mountains to ships. Mountains are those tall massive structures that protrude out of the earth in such a stately solid way and ships sailing in the open water sound like an odd coupling but the physical law of buoyancy developed by the Greek Mathematician Archimedes would say otherwise. This is because of the driving force behind both the ships and the mountains is one and the same and it's called Buoyancy.
Now the word buoyant or floating is something difficult to understand and visualize when we think of mountains. Guess what happens when a surface of a mountains gets covered by a thick sheet of ice?
To answer this question, let's look at the following analogy.
When the ships floating in the ocean are loaded with cargo, then the ships sink and travel deeper into the water than it was before getting loaded. Similarly, when a thick sheet of ice accumulates on a surface of a mountain, it sinks into the mantle under its weight.
Now, what happens to the mountain after the removal of the thick sheet of ice from its surface? In much the same way as a ship rises again after the removal of cargo, the Earth's crust will rise again in response to the reduced load on the mountain.

We know all this today from the research conducted by scientists such as Tom Garrison and Micheal Allaby in 2013-14 but flashback fourteen centuries ago when the Quran was revealed and we find that it makes the same analogy in chapter 42 verse 32 when it says:
Quran-and-science, Quran-verses, Quran-about-sea-and-mountains,

Then in Surah Ar-Rahman verse 24, GOD says;
Quran-and-science, Quran-verses, Quran-about-sea-and-mountains,

How in the world could a book revealed that long ago possibly contain accurate scientific analogy and information in the glaring absence of the necessary scientific tools and proofs at that time? The only possible answer to the question is that the Quran is the book of the CREATOR of the universe who is ALL-KNOWING.
What makes the Quran even more astonishing than that is modern scientists have used some of the exact same analogies that were first written in the Quran over 1400 years ago. So who says religion and science have to at odd!

Tuesday, August 14, 2018

August 14, 2018

Scientific Miracles of Quran | Perfect Orbits in the Universe

Science- Quran - Scientific-facts-in-the-Quran-Islam-Rawalakot

Before the invention of the telescope and discovery made by Copernicus, it was thought that the Earth was stationary and was at the center of our solar system while Sun and all other celestial bodies move around it.

However, in1500 Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that all the planets, involving Earth, actually revolved around the stationary Sun which was at the center of our solar system. Although this model was not perfect because it could not describe the path of revolving planets around the Sun. In other words, it could not define the shape of the orbits but It provided a ground for other scientists to work on.

Later on, the shape of the orbits was determined by Danish astronomer Kepler. He determined that the planets revolve around the stationary Sun in elliptical orbits rather than circular ones. These revolutionary discoveries showed that the Sun was in the center of our solar system and that it was stationary.

However, it had not been yet discovered that Sun moved in its own orbit. This discovery was made by an Italian scientist Galileo who is credited with the creation of optical telescope which could magnify an object twenty times. By observing the movement of sunspots, Galileo discovered that the Sun also rotates on its own axis and each revolution takes about an Earth month. The sun not only rotates but down the road, it was also discovered that it also orbits the center of our galaxy.

To conclude, each celestial body swims in its orbit or path defined for it. And this fact was discovered only a couple of centuries before.
Islam-and-Quran-Rawalakot-Paniola-Science-universe-orbits


What about if I tell you about the BOOK which described the same Scientific Fact 1400 years ago.
Yes! The Quran mentioned the motion of celestial bodies and their orbits at the time when the science and technology did not exist even by name. 
The Quran says:

“The sun runs through its course, this course is pre-estimated for it by the Almighty, the All-knowing". (Surah Yaseen: 38)

"It is He Who created the Night and the Day and the Sun and the Moon: all (celestial bodies) swim along each its rounded path (Orbit)". (Surah Al-Anbiyaa: 33)


"It is not permitted to the Sun to catch up the Moon nor can the Night outstrip the Day: each just swims along in (its own) orbit (according to Law)". (Surah Yaseen: 40)

In the first verse, it has been stated clearly that the course of the Sun is pre-estimated and according to the science, the Sun's speed is 750,000Km/hr, it's the speed with which orbits the galaxy.
The Quran also discussed the rising points of the Sun in the following verse:


"The Lord of the Heavens and the Earth and all that is between them - and the Lord of the easts (Sun's rising points)". (Surah As saffat:5)

It is understood from the verse that the Sun has more than one rising points. If you observe the rising points of the Sun with respect to your home, you will see that it changes at different points throughout the year. It seems to float on the eastern horizon as you can see in the animation given down. 
From this explanation, if we think justly we will have to conclude that the Quran cannot be a book of any human because if it were so, then such scientific facts could not have been mentioned in it at the time when there was no science. How could a person who existed 1400 years ago know these facts on his own? 
We've to accept that it is possible only with the help of Someone Who is All-knowing, Who is the Creator of the Universe and that the Quran has been sent down by Him. If someone is still not willing to accept these facts then one must justify one's objection.

Monday, July 2, 2018

July 02, 2018

The Quran about Continental Drift


When we see the world map, it looks like puzzle pieces in which continents seem to have been split apart, haven’t they? If it is so, then it means they must be had been joined together at some point in the past.

Yes off course, this reality was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, in which he said that all the continents of the earth were once joined together as a super landmass called supercontinent. This supercontinent was called as “Pangaea”. And then over time, this supercontinent separated into the existing continents which started drifted away in different directions.

Alfred Wegener did not know the reason or scientific explanation of continental drift but due to research in geology, it is perfectly explained by Unifying Theory of Geology known as Plate Tectonics. According to the theory, the outer layer of earth, Lithosphere, is composed of nine plates and an outer part of the mantle. These plates of different sizes slide over the mantle which causes the drift of continents.  These plates are in constant motion in the varied speed of around 2 - 10 centimeter per year. Atlantic Ocean expansion is one of the examples of continental drift. This kinda expansion changes Sea to the Land ratio which has also been described in the Quran.

“And you see the mountains, thinking them rigid, while they will pass as the passing of clouds.” (Surah An-Naml: 88)

If we focus on the verse, we can see that Allah says that our first thought would make us believe that mountains are fixed, and then we’ll see that they are passing away as the passing of clouds. And it has been so exactly because only in the 19th century, we came to know that mountains could drift so could the continents.


It proves that the Quran is the book of someone who is all knowing, Allah. And the person who received the book is the messenger of Allah. If someone denies and rejects these facts, he/she have to explain how the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) knew these facts on his own.

Thursday, June 14, 2018

June 14, 2018

Big Bang in Quran and expansion of the universe

The-Quran-and-Science

What do you believe about the size of the universe? Do you think it is fixed right from the start or expanding and it has been there forever? Does the universe have an edge somewhere or it goes on forever? I'm gonna discuss this topic in light of the discoveries astronomers have in the early nineteenth century and the information the Quran has given us 1400 years ago.

Scientists and astronomers tussled with the question regarding the size of the universe. Before the 19th century, it was believed that the universe has a fixed size and it has been there forever. With the advancement of science and technology, this concept about the universe suddenly started changing in the early 19th century. 

In 1912, Vesto Slipher, the American astronomer, made a discovery that would soon change the old misconception about the universe. He noticed the galaxies were moving away from our earth. His findings introduced the concept of universe expansion theory.

Then in 1916, Albert Einstein gave his theory of relativity. In this theory of relativity, Einstein said that the universe must be either expanding or contracting. Again, this theory helped in changing minds about the universe.

And finally, in 1929, Edwin Hubble, a great well known American astronomer, confirmed the expansion of the universe through his giant telescope. (Edwin Hubble is considered as the leading observational cosmologist of the 20th century because of his exceptional work in astronomy. He was born in 1889 and died in 1953).

With the help of giant telescopes, light coming from distant objects was observed as a function of wavelength. Through various observations, it was noticed that the spectra of light from distant objects was shifting to longer wavelength, called “Redshift”. It meant that the objects under consideration were constantly moving away from us. By observing the “Redshift” Hubble concluded that the galaxies were not fixed in their position but they were moving away from earth.

Galaxy

He realized that further away a galaxy was, the bigger was the “Redshift” of the light. That meant those galaxies were moving away from us at faster and faster speed. It’s not only that galaxies are moving apart, it’s the fact that the entire universe is expanding. Edwin Hubble plot a graph between redshift and relative distance, he found a linear relationship between the two. It also meant that the redshift would increase with increasing distance to the objects. This decrease in the wavelength of light coming from an object was due to the fact that it was getting further away from us and based on this observation, it was concluded that the universe was expanding.


After analyzing the discovery of Science, we’re going to see what the Quran says about it.

Quite surprisingly, 1400 years ago when there was no telescope and the knowledge of science was not in existence, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) would recite a verse of the Quran which signed towards the expansion of the universe.

“And the heaven We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are (its) expander”.
[Quran (51:47)]
Now, I suggest you take your time and think justly: is it possible for a man, who lived 1400 years ago and who happened to be illiterate, to know this fact on his own, which science could do only 100 years ago. Can you accept it? Off course not, unless he had received divine revelation (Quran) from Someone who is all-knowing and the Creator of the universe. It simply proves that the Quran is the book of the GOD.

After, it was understood that the universe was expanding; scientists realized that it would have been smaller in the past. If we go back in the past, then at some point, it would have been a single point. This point is understood as the beginning of the universe, called Big Bang.

The big bang theory states that the universe originated billions of years ago in an explosion from a single point which had nearly infinite energy density. It means all the matter in the universe was concentrated into a single incredibly tiny point which suddenly started expanding and it is still expanding today.

The Quran says:
“Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, then we separated them, and made from water every living thing? Then will they not believe?” 
[Quran (21:30)]

It clearly shows that the heavens and earth were once one, and then God caused them to separate into the seven heavens and earth. Before the 19th century, the Muslim scholars could only explain the precise meaning of each word in Arabic in the verse, as well as the overall meaning of the verse due to the limitations of science and technology.

Therefore, one can say the Quran cannot be a book of a human if it were so, then it could not have provided such information hundreds of years ago. The only possibility is that it is divine revelation that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) received. 

To conclude, our universe is getting bigger and bigger. The expansion of the universe is accelerating, how can that be? Well, astronomers realized there must be some pushing because Newton’s Second Law states that in order to accelerate an object, there must be some force. They do not know what it is but it is there.
The agent, force, which causing this acceleration, they call it “Dark Energy”. They do not know what dark matter is but it is there. They don’t understand the dark energy. What agent actually triggered the process of expansion, even before that what agent caused the matter to get together and even before that, who created the matter, astronomers have no answers to these kinds of questions. The Quran can answer these questions.

The Originator says in the Quran;

Is not He who created the heavens and the earth Able to create the likes of them? Yes, [it’s so]; and He is the knowing creator.” 
[Quran (36:81)]
Then in the next verse;
His command is only when He intends a thing that He says to it, "Be," and it is.”
[Quran (36:82)]
Therefore, there is still a lot to play for. Astronomers have yet to explore the edges of the cosmos.

Wednesday, May 30, 2018

May 30, 2018

Solar and Lunar Eclipse in Islam

Eclipse-in-Islam

What is Solar and Lunar eclipse and how Solar and Lunar eclipse occur? That is what I'm gonna discuss today.

Muslims believe that everything in the heavens and on earth is created by Allah Almighty, the Creator of the universe. Islam, what Muslims believe in, is a religion based upon reasons and proofs which strongly urges mankind to study and explore the universe and the world around us. 

Allah tells us throughout the Quran to contemplate and investigate the heavens and the earth. The Quran says:

“Our Lord, You did not create this aimlessly; exalted are You (Above such a thing); then protect us from the punishment of the fire” (Quran: 3:190-191)

“It is He who created the nights and the days and the sun and the moon. All swim along, each in its orbit.” (Quran 21:33)

The last verse from the Quran signs towards the orbit that the planets such as the moon and the earth swim along. As this article is about the solar and lunar eclipse, let us first take a look at the science behind the eclipse.

A lunar eclipse occurs when the earth comes in between the sun and the moon such that the Earth casts a shadow on the Moon, and a solar eclipse occurs when the Moon comes in between the Sun and the Earth such that Moon casts a shadow on the Earth. An eclipse occurs only when the Moon’s plane passes the ecliptic plane.

Islam about the Lunar and Solar Eclipse
When the son of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) Ibrahim died, some superstitious people said that the Sun eclipsed due to the death of Ibrahim, because he was the young child and also due to the sadness of the Prophet (PBUH). When the Holy Prophet came to know about it, he said:

'”The sun and the moon do not eclipse because of the death of someone from the people, but they are two signs amongst the signs of Allah. When you see them, stand up and pray.'"

This means that the variation of the day and the night, swimming of the Moon and the Earth, does not depend on someone’s life or death, happiness or sadness. In fact, it is the God who governs them in their orbit and is one of the signs of the Power and Majesty of Allah.

Prayer during Eclipse
During solar and lunar eclipse, a prayer has been recommended by Islam for its followers, it is called the Prayer of the Eclipse – Salat-ul-Khusuf. This prayer is offered in congregation. Abdullah bin Amr narrates: When the Sun eclipsed in the lifetime of the Prophet, an announcement was made that a prayer was to be offered in congregation. This prayer is two rakats with four bowing in the two rakats.

Conclusion
Therefore, there is no room for fear and superstitions in Islam surrounding solar and lunar eclipse. All we need to do is just to perform two rakats prayer when such an event occurs.